====== Lesson 19: Personal Pronouns ====== ===== Forms ===== Latin only has personal pronouns for the first (I, we) and second person (you). We'll see how the third person is handled later. The declensions are irregular, so we have to memorize them, but the two persons are declined almost the same. The first person pronouns are **ego** (I) and **nōs** (we): ^ ^ Singular ^ Plural ^ ^ Nominative | ego | nōs | ^ Genitive | meī | nostrī, nostrum | ^ Dative | mihi | nōbīs | ^ Accusative | mē | nōs | ^ Ablative | mē | nōbīs | The second person pronouns are **tū** (you, singular) and **vōs** (you, plural): ^ ^ Singular ^ Plural ^ ^ Nominative | tū | vōs | ^ Genitive | tuī | vestrī, vestrum | ^ Dative | tibi | vōbīs | ^ Accusative | tē | vōs | ^ Ablative | tē | vōbīs | Note the only real difference between the two is between **mihi** and **tibi** in the singular dative. Otherwise the endings are the same. ===== Syntax ===== There are some oddities and things to keep in mind when using pronouns in certain cases. ==== Nominative ==== Remember that where English commonly uses a pronoun as the subject of a sentence, Latin usually lets the verb ending show who is meant. That means we only use the nominative forms of these pronouns when we want to emphasize them. * Ad flumen ambulabam. - //I was walking near the river.// * Ego, non Marcus, ad flumen ambulabam. - //**I**, not Marcus, was walking near the river.// In the second sentence, the verb already says who was walking, but we may add the pronoun to emphasize it. ==== Genitive ==== The genitive of pronouns is not used to show possession. For that we have already learned the possessive adjectives: * meus, mea, meum - //my, mine// * tuus, tua, tuum - //your, yours// * noster, nostra, nostrum - //our, ours// * vester, vestra, vestrum - //your, yours (plural)// We'll see how the genitive forms of pronouns are used in later lessons. ==== Ablative of Accompaniment ==== We learned that we use **cum** plus the ablative to express accompaniment: * Cum Marco ambulabam. - //I was walking with Marcus.// When we use a pronoun in this way, the **cum** is placed after the ablative form of the pronoun and they are combined into a single word as a shortcut. So **cum me** becomes **mecum**, and so on: * Marcus mecum ambulabat. - //Marcus was walking with me.// * Marcus nobiscum ambulabat. - //Marcus was walking with us.// * Dominus tecum. - //The Lord (be) with you.// * Dominus vobiscum. - //The Lord (be) with you (all).// ===== Vocabulary ===== * aestās, aestātis, f., //summer// * auctōritās, auctōritātis, f., //authority, prestige, influence// * avis, avis, f., //bird// * canis, canis, m/f, //dog// * clāmor, clāmoris, m., //shout, noise// * fēlēs, fēlis, f., //cat// * hiems, hiemis, f., //winter// * iūdex, iūdicis, m., //judge, juror// * lapis, lapidis, m., //stone// * legio, legiōnis, f., //legion// * lībertās, lībertātis, f., //freedom, liberty// * lūx, lūcis, f., //light// * nox, noctis, f., //night// * pāx, pācis, f., //peace// * prīnceps, prīncipis, m., //chief// * salūs, salūtis, f., //safety, welfare// * timor, timōris, m., //fear// * vōx, vōcis, f., //voice// * terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum, //frighten// * atque/ac, (conjunction) //and// * aut, (conjunction) //or// * quod, (conjunction) //because// * si, (conjunction) //if// ===== Word Study ===== **Canis** is //not// an I-stem, even though it fits the rule by having the **-is** ending in the nominative and having the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive. So it is **canum** in the genitive plural, not ** canium**. **Canis** can be either masculine or feminine, depending on the dog, but **feles** seems to always be feminine. Note that **legio**, a legion made up entirely of men, is a feminine noun. Go figure. We already learned two ways to express "and": **et** for simple joining and the **-que** enclitic for a closer connection. **Atque** gives an emphasizes connection, as if to say "and also" or "and even" or "yet also." * Equus meus est magnus atque celer. - //My horse is big **and** fast.// * Equus meus est magnus atque celer. - //My horse is big **and also** fast.// * Equus meus est magnus atque celer. - //My horse is big **yet also** fast.// **Atque** and **ac** have the same meaning, but **atque** is normally uses before consonants while **ac** is normally used before vowels or words starting with 'h'. **Aut** can be used twice to mean "either....or....": * Aut Marcus aut Lucius frumentum portabit. - //Either Marcus or Lucius will carry the grain.// **Et....et....** can be used the same way to mean "both....and....": * Et Marcus et Lucis frumentum portabunt. - //Both Marcus and Lucius will carry the grain.// **Quod** is a conjunction meaning "because", so it starts a complete clause, unlike the prepositions **propter** and **ob**, which mean "because of" and only take a noun in the accusative. * Quod in silva sum, montes non video. - //Because I am in the forest, I do not see the mountains.// * Ob bellum ab Italia navigavi. - //Because of war I sailed away from Italy.// ===== Exercises ===== === a. Translate: === These are all passages taken from the Ordinary of the Mass. Some words we haven't seen yet, so I defined them in footnotes. There will be more explanation of some things in the answers. - In nomine Patri, et Filii, et Spiritus((Spiritus is a fourth declension noun meaning //spirit// or //ghost//.)) Sancti. - Dominus vobiscum. Et cum spiritu tuo. - Laudamus te. Adoramus((adoro, adorare, adoravi, adoratum, //adore//)) te. - Orate fratres, ut((ut, (conjunction), //that//)) meum ac vestrum sacrificium((sacrificium, -i, //sacrifice//)) ... - Per omnia saecula saeculorum((saeculum, -i, n., //generation, age, era//)). - Sed libera nos a malo. - Pax Domini sit((sit = be)) semper vobiscum. - Pax tecum. - Corpus Domini nostri Jesu((Jesu - irregular genitive of Jesus)) Christi custodiat ((custodiat = may it preserve)) animam meam in vitam aeternam. - In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud ((apud, (preposition with accusative) in the possession of, in the care of, among)) Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. === b. Translate: === - Caesar's prestige was great because he defeated many enemies. - Does your daughter like both dogs and cats? - The short soldier was brave and also daring. - Many birds flew down from the sky to the fields for (because of) grain. - Your shout, Marcus, frightened us. - Girls, walk with me to the river where we shall watch the tall ships. - The new judge's voice was serious; soon there was peace in the town. - Julia, because I like you I will give you many beautiful gifts. - Because of the war our legion had walked from Italy to Gaul. - The strong man carried the heavy stones up to (his) farmhouse on the mountain. === c. Etymology === Find an English word derived from each Latin word in the vocabulary. (Skip the conjunctions.) ===== Conclusion ===== Well, that gets the first and second person personal pronouns out of the way. Next lesson, how to translate third person pronouns like "he", which don't actually exist in Latin. ===== Answers ===== === a. Translate: === These are all passages taken from the Ordinary of the Mass. Some words we haven't seen yet, so I defined them in footnotes. There will be more explanation of some things in the answers. - In nomine Patri, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. - //In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.// (The Sign of the Cross.) - Dominus vobiscum. Et cum spiritu tuo. - //The Lord be with you. And with your spirit.// (This is repeated several times during the Mass, the first phrase by the celebrant and the second by the servers or congregation.) - Laudamus te. Adoramus te. - //We praise Thee. We adore Thee.// (These two lines come from the Gloria.) - Orate fratres, ut meum ac vestrum sacrificium... - //Pray, brethren, that my sacrifice and also yours....// (I cut this off there because it got into several things we don't know yet. The priest turns and faces the people for this invitational passage.) - Per omnia saecula saeculorum. - //World without end.// Literally: //Through all ages of the ages.// - Sed libera nos a malo. - //But deliver (free) us from evil.// (Last line of the Pater Noster (Our Father), spoken by the servers, people, or choir.) - Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum. - //The peace of the Lord be with you always.// - Pax tecum. - //Peace be with you.// (Here //tecum// is singular, since it is said by the priest to the deacon, if there is one. The previous one is addressed to the people, so it uses the plural //vobiscum//.) - Corpus Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiat animam tuam in vitam aeternam. - //The Body of our Lord Jesus Christ preserve your soul unto (into) life everlasting.// (We learned //anima// as "spirit" or "mind," but it can also mean "soul." The priest says this to each person as he distributes Communion.) - In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat Verbum. - //In the beginning there was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.// (The first sentence of the Gospel of John, read at the end of most Masses.) === b. Translate: === - Caesar's prestige was great because he defeated many enemies. - //Auctoritas Caesaris erat magna quod hostes magnos superavit.// - Does your daughter like both dogs and cats? - //Filiane tua et canes et feles amat?// - The short soldier was brave and also daring. - //Miles brevis erat fortis ac audax.// - Many birds flew down from the sky to the fields for (because of) grain. - //Aves multae de caelo ad agros ob frumentum volaverunt.// - Your shout, Marcus, frightened us. - //Clamor tuus, Marce, nos terruit.// - Girls, walk with me to the river where we shall watch the tall ships. - //Ambulate, puellae, mecum ad flumen ubi naves altas spectabimus.// - The new judge's voice was serious; soon there was peace in the town. - //Vox iudicis novi erat gravis; mox pax erat in oppidum.// - Julia, because I like you I will give you many beautiful gifts. - //Quod te amo, Julia, tibi multa et pulchra dona dabo.// - Because of the war our legion had walked from Italy to Gaul. - //Legio nostra ab Italia ad Galliam propter bellum ambulaverat.// - The strong man carried the heavy stones up to (his) farmhouse on the mountain. - //Vir fortis lapides graves sub villam in monte portavit.// === c. Etymology === * aestās, aestātis, f., //summer// - ?? * auctōritās, auctōritātis, f., //authority, prestige, influence// - authority * avis, avis, f., //bird// - aviary * canis, canis, m/f, //dog// - canine * clāmor, clāmoris, m., //shout, noise// - clamor * fēlēs, fēlis, f., //cat// - Felix the Cat * hiems, hiemis, f., //winter// - ?? * iūdex, iūdicis, m., //judge, juror// - judiciary * lapis, lapidis, m., //stone// - lapis lazuli * legio, legiōnis, f., //legion// - legion * lībertās, lībertātis, f., //freedom, liberty// - liberty * lūx, lūcis, f., //light// - lucid * nox, noctis, f., //night// - nocturnal * pāx, pācis, f., //peace// - pacific * prīnceps, prīncipis, m., //chief// - principal * salūs, salūtis, f., //safety, welfare// - salutary * timor, timōris, m., //fear// - timorous * vōx, vōcis, f., //voice// - vocal * terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum, //frighten// - terrify