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This lesson starts with some concepts that will be new to anyone whose only language is English, then gets into the words and grammar.

Declensions

As mentioned in the introduction, Latin changes the endings of words to determine their meaning in a sentence. For nouns and adjectives, we call this “declension.” There are five declensions, but we will only look at the first one for now. Each Latin noun or adjective belongs to one of the five declensions, and that declension determines the endings we put on that word to mean different things. When we “decline” a noun, we show it with all its possible endings.

Case

A noun’s case determines its purpose in a sentence: subject, object, possessive, etc. There are five main cases and two rarer ones. Some cases have several uses, but here are the basic ones:

Photo by Joe Geranio

Gender

In English, we don’t consider words to have gender except for a few things like ships. In Latin, every noun has a gender, and there are three: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Except for when they refer to people, these don’t necessarily have anything to do with the thing being named. For example, the word for island (insula) is feminine, bridge (pons) is masculine, and river (flumen) is neuter. The gender of each noun simply has to be memorized along with the word itself, although there are some hints we’ll find along the way.

Nouns of the first declension can be recognized by the -ae ending in the genitive singular case. To decline a first declension noun, drop the -ae from the genitive form to get the stem, and add the first declension endings to that stem. Declining the word puella (girl) looks like this:

(After a while, it will become second nature to picture nouns in this 5×2 form.) As you can see, the first declension endings are:

In all first declension words, the vocative is the same as the nominative.

Two or more endings may sometimes be identical, like -is in the dative and ablative plural. When translating from Latin, the context will determine which is being used.

To decline another first declension word like aqua (water), we again remove the -ae from the genitive form, aquae, and add the same endings:

For a word with a stem ending in a vowel, like Italia (Italy), the rule remains the same:

All first declension nouns will be declined this way.

Subject

The most common use of the nominative is as the subject of a verb: The girl is walking. Puella ambulat.

Predicate Nominative

In correct English, we say, “It is I,” not, “It is me.” Latin is the same way. When a noun is used with a linking verb like “to be” to define the subject, that noun is in the nominative case: The girl is a poet. Puella est (is) poeta.

New nouns to learn will always be given in the format below: the nominative form, the genitive, the gender, and the meaning(s). When the genitive is obvious from the nominative, just the ending may be shown. Nouns are shown this way in Latin dictionaries, so you can tell from the genitive which declension they belong to.

The last two words are verbs, which we’ll learn about later. For now, just memorize them so you can form some basic sentences.

• agricola, -ae, m. farmer
• aqua, -ae, f., water
• femina, -ae, f., woman
• fortuna, -ae, f., fortune, chance
• Gallia, Galliae, f., Gaul (France)
• insula, -ae, f., island
• Italia, -ae, f., Italy
• lingua, linguae, f., language
• littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alphabet); in the plural, a letter or letters you would mail
• Maria, Mariae, f., Mary
• memoria, -ae, f., memory
• natura, -ae, f., nature
• poeta, -ae, m., poet
• provincia, provinciae, f., province
• puella, -ae, f., girl
• silva, -ae, f., forest
• vita, -ae, f., life

• est, is, there is
• sunt, are, there are

Latin has no articles, (a, an, and the), so leave them out when translating to Latin, and put them in where they make sense in context when translating to English.

Most first declension nouns are feminine in gender, except where they refer to male professions, like agricola (farmer) and poeta (poet). (That’s one of those hints I mentioned earlier.) (Yes, in Roman times, poets were all men.)

a. Practice by declining each vocabulary noun in all five cases and singular and plural, like puella and aqua above.

b. For each word in the vocabulary, try to think of an English word that derives from it. For example: agricola, agriculture. These connections make it much easier to memorize words.

a. Give the case, number (singular or plural), and meaning for each of the following. For some, there will be more than one possible answer. Example: insulas: accusative, plural, islands.

1. naturis
2. Gallia
3. poetae
4. memoriam
5. linguas
6. silvarum
7. insulae
8. Poetae sunt agricolae.
9. Sunt litterae.
10. Maria est femina.

b. Translate:

1. memory (accusative)
2. O girls! (vocative)
3. for the women
4. the poets’
5. of life
6. province (nominative and accusative)
7. for Mary
8. There is a forest.
9. Gaul is a province.
10. The women are farmers.

Congratulations! You’ve finished lesson 1. Acta est fabula, plaudite! (The play is over, applaud!) Next time: verbs, so we can start making real sentences.

a. Give the case, number (singular or plural), and meaning for each of the following. For some, there will be more than one possible answer. Example: insulas: accusative, plural, islands.

1. naturis - plural dative (for nature) or plural ablative (from nature)
2. Gallia - singular nominative (Gaul)
3. poetae - singular genitive (the poet's) or plural nominative (the poets)
4. memoriam - singular accusative (memory)
5. linguas - plural accusative (languages)
6. silvarum - plural genitive (of the forests, forests')
7. insulae - singular genitive (the island's) or plural nominative (the islands)
8. Poetae sunt agricolae. - The poets are farmers.
9. Sunt litterae. - There are letters.
10. Maria est femina. - Mary is a woman.

b. Translate:

1. memory (accusative) - memoriam
2. O girls! (vocative) - puellae
3. for the women - feminis
4. the poets’ - poetarum
5. of life - vitae
6. province (nominative and accusative) - provincia, provinciam
7. for Mary - Mariae
8. There is a forest. - Est silva.
9. Gaul is a province. - Gallia est provincia.
10. The women are farmers. - Feminae sunt agricolae.